" ● 44Janet Stilson, " Cable Ad Sales Dent Broadcast Revenues, " Electronic Media 20, April 1987, p. 3. ● 45Broadcasting Yearbook 1991, Washington, DC : Broadcasting Publications, 1991, p. D-3. ● 46 " Cable Changes the Systems from Within, " Channels/Field Guide 1990, p. 90 ; Broadcasting Yearbook 1991. ● 47Standard & Poor ' s, " Media. " ● 48Susan Hornik, " Basically, Cable Hits a Hot Spot, " Advertising Age, 8 April 1991, p. 41. ● 49Broadcasting & Cable Market Place 1992, p. xxiii. ● 50Mark Lewyn, " Why Cable Companies are Playing so Rough, " Business Week, 12 August 1991, p. 67. ● 51Mike Evans, " The Inflation Bite is Back, " Industry Week, 15 April 1991, p. 82. For the 1991 General Accounting Office Survey of Cable Rates, 參見 102nd Cong. 1st Sess., 137 Cong Rec S 11091, Vol. 137 No. 116. ● 52Standard & Poor ' s, " Media, " 6 June 1991, p. M4. ● 53 " Keeping the Lions at Bay, " Channels/Field Guide 1991, p. 56. ● 54 參見 David Waterman, " The Failure of Cultural Programming on Cable TV : An Economic Interpretation, " Journal of Communication, Summer 1986. ● 55John Dempsey,