Displaying extended context for query match # 40 in text 2016_e2555700
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敧猠敥獭 琠污 潬⁷敮慧楴湯 戠汥睯琠敨猠湥 ⁥敬 敶‬畢 ⁴桴獩椠⁳潮 ⁴潰 獳扩敬 椠牰灯 獯瑩 潩慮 潬楧⁣鶀
⹰ㄳ⸩删 䙅剅 䕃⁓汁睬 潯⁤‬⁊Ⱞ䄠摮牥潳‬⁌Ⱞ愠摮䐠桡 ‬⹔⁍ㄮ㜹⸷䰠 杯捩 椠楌杮 瑳捩 ⁳‮慃扭 楲杤⁥湕癩牥楳祴倠 獳⸠䌠 慨敦 Ⱐ圠污 慬散 䰠⸠㤱㘷鲀䜠癩湥敮獳Ⱐ䌠湯牴 獡楴敶敮獳Ⱐ䐠晥湩瑩 湥獥⁳‬畓橢 捥獴Ⱐ吠 灯捩 ⁳‬湡⁤潐湩⁴ 嘠敩⁷胢⺝䤠桃牡敬 ⁳⁎‮楌馀 猠匠 扵敪瑣 愠摮吠 灯捩 ⸠䄠慣 敤業 ⁣牐獥⁳‬湉⁣‮敎 ⁷潙歲 ⸠䌠慨 ‬⹙⁒ㄮ㘹⸸䄠䜠慲浭 牡漠 ⁦灓歯 湥䌠楨 敮敳⸠唠楮敶獲瑩⁹景 䌠污 晩牯 ⁡牐獥⁳‮桃 湥⁧‬潒敢 瑲䰠⸠㤱㘶 匠浯 ⁥獁数瑣⁳景 䴠湡慤楲祓瑮硡⸠䤠摮慩 慮唠楮 敶獲瑩 ⁹‮潄 瑣牯污 搠獩敳瑲瑡潩⸮㤱㜶鲀唠楮 敶獲 ⵥ捓灯 ⁥敒慬楴湯 愠摮䴠湡慤楲潎湵倠牨獡⁥胢⺝倠䱏⁁牐橯捥⁴ 䰠湩畧獩楴獣 䄠慮祬楳⁳敒潰 瑲⁳‬䥉Ⱐ丠㌮ㄺㄭ㈸⸮㤱ㄷ鲀唠楮敶獲 ⁥湡⁤捓灯 ⁥敒慬楴湯 椠桃 湩獥⁥湡⁤慊慰 敮敳⸠胢⺝㤱㘷鲀吠浩 ⁥敒慬楴湯 ⁳湩䌠楨 敮敳鶀‮慍畮捳楲瑰 ⸠传 慲畧潮 ⱶ⁁‮⹁㤱㔹‮楘湡慤⁩慈 祮⁵留慦 夠湡楪⁵
瑓摵⁹ 䴠獯敤湲䌠楨 敮敳猠湹慴⁸⤮‬潖⹬⸱琠慲獮戠⁹畚札湩⁧桚湥⹧敐楫 杮㬠 硥敵 倠扵楬桳湩⁧潃灭 湡⁹‮慈 桳浩瑯 ‬湁敮⸠㤱㤶鲀吠 敨嘠牥⁢胢ₘ潔 䈠⁥胢ₙ湩䴠摯 牥桃湩獥⁥胢⺝䘠畯摮瑡潩獮漠 ⁦慌 杮慵敧匠 牥敩⁳⸹㨴㈷ㄭㄱ‮潈獵桥汯敤⁲‬⹆⁗‮湡⁤桃湥⁧‬潒 瑲䰠⸠㤱ㄷ鲀唠楮敶獲 ⁥湡⁤捓灯 ⁥敒慬楴湯 椠桃 湩獥⁥湡⁤慊慰 敮敳鶀‮潊 牵慮景 䠠睡 楡慩獁潳楣 瑡潩 䰠湡畧 ⁥敔捡敨獲 Ⱐ嘠汯⸠㌱‬潎⁳ㄮ愠摮㈠㈮㘱䰠⁩‬桃牡敬 ⁳⁎‮湡⁤桔浯獰湯 Ⱐ匠 湡牤⁡ㄮ㜹⸹胢ₜ桔 ⁥牐条 慭楴獣漠 ⁦睔祔数⁳景 獥中 畑獥楴湯 ⁳湩䴠湡慤楲湡⁤瑉⁳湕癩牥慳浉汰捩 瑡潩獮鶀‮潔愠灰 慥⁲湩倠灡牥⁳牦浯 琠敨ㄠ琵⁨敒楧湯污 䴠敥楴杮 漠⁦桃捩 条楌杮 瑳捩 ⁳潓楣 瑥⁹‮慐楲⁳‬慍楲ⵥ汃畡敤⸠㤱㤷‮潎 業慮 楬慺楴湯 椠慍摮牡湩䌠楨 敮敳⸠䐠灥 牡浴 湥⁴敤删 捥敨捲 敨⁳楌杮 煩敵 ⁳‬湕癩牥楳 倠牡 獩嘠䥉⸠吠 湥⁧‬桓 畯栭楳ㄮ㜹⸹胢ₜ敒慭 ⁳湯䌠敬 瑦匠湥 獥椠桃 湩獥⁥胢⺝䨠䱃Ⱐ嘠汯⸠㨷〱ⴱㄱ⸵娠 畨Ⱐ䐠硥⁩ㄮ㘹⸱胢ₜ桓 潵搠⁥胢⢙ 胢ₘ敤馀鶀‮桚湯 杧潵 睵湥ㄠ㨲ⴱ㔱‮桚⁵‬敄楸⸠㤱㠷鲀䐠⁥胢ₙ楚 䨠敩潧⁵敨倠湡畤湡樭⁵
敄䌭湯瑳畲瑣 潩湡⁤潃 慬⁲敓瑮湥散 ⁳鶀‮桚湯 杧潵 睵湥ㄠ㈺ⴳ㜲愠摮㈠ㄺ㐰ㄭ㤰㈮㜱迨麪蓧麻 髧ꢡꓧ閳釦膦胩ꆣ迨麪鳦鲗髧Ꚅ믩蒚ꇨ몤돦 飦螌迥 ꖻ뷤麪蓦趇믩뒛껥鎘ꫨ骮髧蒐 ꣧ꖏ黥邵 ꟦芀 故意 * 故意 k4 一下 It was on purpose that I touched him a bit .
 
(37) Wo * xiang ta shi neme huoyao . shi xiang ta __UNDEF__ * 那麼 活躍 親像 * 親像 hiah __UNDEF__ ki [ h I am as active as he is . External adverbals can precede shi because they can be a modifier of the lower verb as well as the shi-predicate .
 
( 38 ) Ta xingkui shi zai jiali dengzhe . xingkui Ú 幸虧 伊佳哉 tr __UNDEF__ teh It is fortunate that he was waiting at home .
 
( Fortunately , he was waiting at home . ) Temporal or locational nominals can either precede or follow shi because they can be a modifier of the shi-predicate or that of a lower verb .4.4.2. Constraints on Elements Predicated by Shi The constraint that , in the shi-predicate , there should not be a topicalized element , can be explained by the general principle of unified focalization , by which we mean that where there is more than one focus device in the same sentence , they all focus on __UNDEF__ the same element .
 
In our view , an element is topicalized only when it is not focused . If an element is treated as unfocused by the topicalization device and yet is placed after shi , which is a focus position , then there will be a violation of the principle of unified focalization . In the following examples , the topicalized elements are marked by boldface .
 
Note that shi cannot precede them but may occur in a position after them .200 ( 39 ) a . ( *) Lao Wang ( *) women ( +) do u hen tongqing ( ta ) .
 
* 老王 * 我們 同情 * * 同情 As for Wang , we all sympathize with him . b . ( *) Lao Wang __UNDEF__ ( +) meiyou ren bu peifu ( ta ) .
 
* 老王 沒有 佩服 * 佩服 As for Wang , there is no one who does not admire him .
 
The subject of a passive or disposal construction ( 40a-c ) and the major subject __UNDEF__ of a double subject ( 40 e ) can be included in the shi-predicate . This fact suggests that they are a subject and can be part __UNDEF__ of the shi-predication thought , they may also be a topic in other contexts . Since no topic should appear within a shi-predicate , we claim that shi-predication provides evidence for the distinction between a topic and a subject in Chinese . A top ic cannot be shi-predicated __UNDEF__ , as in (39) , but a subject can __UNDEF__ , as in ( 40) .
 
(40) a . Shi ta bei sha si de .
 
殺死 死 It is he who was killed . b .
 
Shi wo bei ta qing lai de __UNDEF__ .
 
請來 互伊 請來 It is I that was invited by him to come . c . Shi ta ba suoyou de qian dou hua guang de .
 
所有 花光 伊 k4 所有 攏開 It is he that spent all the money . d .
 
Shi ta ( ba ) qian dou fangzai yinghangli __UNDEF__ .
 
銀行 k4 khcg tr __UNDEF__ 銀行 It is he that put all the money in the Bank . e .
 
Shi ta yachi yizhi dou zai tong __UNDEF__ .
 
牙齒 一直 201 一直 teh __UNDEF__ It is he whose teeth ache all __UNDEF__ the time . On recognizing both subject and topic in Chinese syntax , linguists have tried to solve the problem of how subject should be distinguished from the topic . To my knowledge , no one has suggested shi-predication as a criterion for distinguishing between them . Since topic is always unfocused and given , and since only a focused preverbal nominal can be included in a shi-predicate , the exclusion of topic from shi-predication is a very natural rule . There are occasi ons in which the subject cannot be included in the shi-predicate because some other element is in focus . Compare ( 41 a ) and ( 41 b ) , where shi can be placed before __UNDEF__ the subject wo ‘ I ’ in ( 41 a ) but cannot be so placed in ( 41 b ) . In ( 41b ) , shi cannot be placed before the subject wo because it already has another focus device . As will be explained shortly , topicalization __UNDEF__ of a modifier of a noun head ( see ( 41 a ) ) without topicalizing the latter ( i.e . the noun head ) means that the noun head , sanben ‘ three volumes ‘, left in the predicate is in focus . If wo ‘ I ‘, the subject , were included in a shi-predicate , it would mean focus on __UNDEF__ the subject instead of __UNDEF__ the noun head sanben ‘ three volumes ’-- a violation of the principle __UNDEF__ of unified focalization .
 
( 41) a . ( +) Wo ( +) zhi kanguo sanben tushuguanli de shu . 看過 圖書館 干單 看過 圖書館 I ’ ve only read three __UNDEF__ of the books in the library . b . ( *) Tushuguanli de shu __UNDEF__ ( *) wo ( +) zhi kanguo sanben ( +) zhi you sanben __UNDEF__ ( *) wo __UNDEF__ ( *) kanguo __UNDEF__ .
 
* 圖書館 * 只有 看過 * * * 圖書館 * * 干單 * * 看過 Of the books in the library , I ’ ve read only three of them . Such a split of a constituent results in some extra constraints in __UNDEF__ the post-shi elements , namely the exclusion of elements such as the subject or external adverbs in the shi-predicate .4.5 . Split Constituent and Shi-Predication 202 In 4.4.2, we noted that topicalization __UNDEF__ of a part of the constituent differs from that __UNDEF__ of a whole constituent in constraints on shi-predication . Split constituents may be the result of either topicalization or ba/b ei constructions __UNDEF__ ( see Cheng , 1967 ) .
 
Here we will discuss only the type that involves topicalization because it is a focus device that __UNDEF__ often results in unique identification of focus . A constituent , such as the NP nide huapin ‘ your vase ’ in ( 42a ) below , may get split up by topicalization , as in ( 42b ) , where huapin ‘ vase ’ is part of the topic and nide ‘ yours ’ is part __UNDEF__ of the predicate . If a part of an NP is repeated , as huapin ‘ vase ’, in the predicate and the topic in ( 42b ) , the whole NP ap pears in the predicate .
 
But it is still a case __UNDEF__ of split constituent because its part , not its whole , is in the topic .
 
In ( 42 c ) below , there is also a split noun phrase , nide dongxi dangzhong de huapin the vase among your belongings ’. ( 42 ) a . Ta shi guyi dapo ni de huapin .
 
故意 打破 花瓶 刁工 破 花矸 It is on purpose that he broke your vase . b . Ta guyi dapo de huapin shi nide __UNDEF__ ( huapin __UNDEF__ ) .
 
故意 打破 花瓶 花瓶 伊刁工 破 花矸 花矸 The vase that he broke on purpose was yours . c . Nide dongxi __UNDEF__ ( dangzhong ) ta guyi dapo huapin __UNDEF__ .
 
東西 當中 故意 打破 花瓶 物件 內底 伊刁工 破 花矸 Among your belongings , he broke the vase on purpose .
 
Wherever there is a split constituent , the element that remains in the predicate __UNDEF__ ( excluding __UNDEF__ the element that is repeated in the topic if there is repetition of the unfocused element ) should be __UNDEF__ the focus . This principle is reflected in additional constraints on shi-predication .
 
( 43 ) a . ( +) Ta ( +) guyi dapo le nide huapin . 故意 打破 花瓶 刁工 破 花矸 He broke your vase on purpose . b . ( *) Huapin __UNDEF__ ( *) ta __UNDEF__ ( +) guyi dapo nide __UNDEF__ ( huapin ) .203 * 花瓶 *