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敧猠敥獭 琠污 潬⁷敮慧楴湯 戠汥睯琠敨猠湥 整 据 敬 敶畢 ⁴桴獩椠潮 ⁴潰 獳扩敬 椠牰灯 獯瑩 潩慮 潬楧鶀
ㄳ⸩删 䙅剅 久 䕃⁓汁睬 潯⁊Ⱞ䄠摮牥潳⁌Ⱞ愠摮䐠桡 ⹔⁍ㄮ㜹⸷䰠 杯捩 椠楌杮 極 瑳捩 慃扭 楲杤湕癩牥楳祴倠 敲 獳⸠䌠 慨敦 Ⱐ圠污 慬散 䰠⸠㤱㘷鲀䜠癩湥敮獳Ⱐ䌠湯牴 獡楴敶敮獳Ⱐ䐠晥湩瑩 湥獥畓橢 捥獴Ⱐ吠 灯捩 湡潐湩⁴ 景 嘠敩⁷胢⺝䤠桃牡敬 ⁎楌馀 猠匠 扵敪瑣 愠摮吠 灯捩 ⸠䄠慣 敤業 牐獥湉敎 ⁷潙歲 ⸠䌠慨 ⹙⁒ㄮ㘹⸸䄠䜠慲浭 牡漠 灓歯 湥䌠楨 敮敳⸠唠楮敶獲瑩⁹景 䌠污 晩牯 楮 牐獥桃 湥潒敢 瑲䰠⸠㤱㘶 匠浯 獁数瑣景 䴠湡慤楲祓瑮硡⸠䤠摮慩 慮唠楮 敶獲瑩 ⁹潄 瑣牯污 搠獩敳瑲瑡潩⸮㤱㜶鲀唠楮 敶獲 ⵥ捓灯 敒慬楴湯 愠摮䴠湡慤楲潎湵倠牨獡胢⺝倠䱏⁁牐橯捥⁴ 景 䰠湩畧獩楴獣 䄠慮祬楳敒潰 瑲䥉Ⱐ丠㌮ㄺㄭ㈸⸮㤱ㄷ鲀唠楮敶獲 湡捓灯 敒慬楴湯 椠桃 湩獥湡慊慰 敮敳⸠胢⺝㤱㘷鲀吠浩 敒慬楴湯 湩䌠楨 敮敳鶀慍畮捳楲瑰 ⸠传 慲畧潮 ⱶ⁁⹁㤱㔹楘湡慤慈 祮⁵留慦 夠湡楪⁵
瑓摵⁹ 景 䴠獯敤湲䌠楨 敮敳猠湹慴⁸⤮潖⸱琠慲獮戠⁹畚札湩桚湥敐楫 杮㬠 欠 硥敵 倠扵楬桳湩潃灭 湡⁹慈 桳浩瑯 湁敮⸠㤱㤶鲀吠 敨嘠牥胢ₘ潔 䈠胢ₙ湩䴠摯 牥桃湩獥胢⺝䘠畯摮瑡潩獮漠 慌 杮慵敧匠 牥敩⸹㨴㈷ㄭㄱ潈獵桥汯敤⹆⁗湡桃湥潒 敢 瑲䰠⸠㤱ㄷ鲀唠楮敶獲 湡捓灯 敒慬楴湯 椠桃 湩獥湡慊慰 敮敳鶀潊 牵慮景 䠠睡 楡慩獁潳楣 瑡潩 景 䰠湡畧 条 敔捡敨獲 Ⱐ嘠汯⸠㌱潎ㄮ愠摮㈠㈮㘱䰠桃牡敬 ⁎湡桔浯獰湯 Ⱐ匠 湡牤ㄮ㜹⸹胢ₜ桔 牐条 慭楴獣漠 睔祔数景 夠 獥中 畑獥楴湯 湩䴠湡慤楲湡瑉湕癩牥慳浉汰捩 瑡潩獮鶀潔愠灰 慥湩倠灡牥牦浯 琠敨ㄠ琵敒楧湯污 䴠敥楴杮 漠桃捩 条楌杮 極 瑳捩 潓楣 瑥⁹慐楲慍楲ⵥ汃畡敤⸠㤱㤷潎 業慮 楬慺楴湯 椠慍摮牡湩䌠楨 敮敳⸠䐠灥 牡浴 湥⁴敤删 捥敨捲 敨楌杮 極 瑳 煩敵 湕癩牥楳 整 倠牡 獩嘠䥉⸠吠 湥桓 畯栭楳ㄮ㜹⸹胢ₜ敒慭 歲 湯䌠敬 瑦匠湥 整 据 獥椠桃 湩獥胢⺝䨠䱃Ⱐ嘠汯⸠㨷〱ⴱㄱ⸵娠 畨Ⱐ䐠硥ㄮ㘹⸱胢ₜ桓 潵搠胢⢙ 传 胢ₘ敤馀鶀桚湯 杧潵 夠 睵湥ㄠ㨲ⴱ㔱桚⁵敄楸⸠㤱㠷鲀䐠胢ₙ楚 䨠敩潧⁵敨倠湡畤湡樭⁵
敄䌭湯瑳畲瑣 潩湡潃 異 慬敓瑮湥散 鶀桚湯 杧潵 夠 睵湥ㄠ㈺ⴳ㜲愠摮㈠ㄺ㐰ㄭ㤰㈮㜱迨麪蓧麻 髧ꢡꓧ閳釦膦胩ꆣ迨麪鳦鲗髧Ꚅ믩蒚ꇨ몤돦 貼 飦螌迥 ꖻ뷤麪蓦趇믩뒛껥鎘ꫨ骮髧蒐 ꣧ꖏ黥邵 芀 「 我 是 刁 故意 ( * 刁 故意 是 ) k4 伊 摸 一下 。 」 It was on purpose that I touched him a bit .
(37) Wo * xiang ta shi neme huoyao . shi xiang ta __UNDEF__ 我 是 像 他 ( * 像 他 是 ) 那麼 活躍 。 「 我 是 親像 伊 ( * 親像 伊 是 ) hiah __UNDEF__ 活 ki [ h 。 」 I am as active as he is . External adverbals can precede shi because they can be a modifier of the lower verb as well as the shi-predicate .
( 38 ) Ta xingkui shi zai jiali dengzhe . xingkui Ú 他 幸虧 ( 是 ) 在 家 裡 等 著 。 「 伊佳哉 ( 是 ) tr __UNDEF__ 厝 裡 teh 等 。 」 It is fortunate that he was waiting at home .
( Fortunately , he was waiting at home . ) Temporal or locational nominals can either precede or follow shi because they can be a modifier of the shi-predicate or that of a lower verb .4.4.2. Constraints on Elements Predicated by Shi The constraint that , in the shi-predicate , there should not be a topicalized element , can be explained by the general principle of unified focalization , by which we mean that where there is more than one focus device in the same sentence , they all focus on __UNDEF__ the same element .
In our view , an element is topicalized only when it is not focused . If an element is treated as unfocused by the topicalization device and yet is placed after shi , which is a focus position , then there will be a violation of the principle of unified focalization . In the following examples , the topicalized elements are marked by boldface .
Note that shi cannot precede them but may occur in a position after them .200 ( 39 ) a . ( *) Lao Wang ( *) women ( +) do u hen tongqing ( ta ) .
( * 是 ) 老王 ( * 是 ) 我們 ( 是 ) 都 很 同情 ( 他 ) 。 「 ( * 是 ) 王 兮 ( * 是 ) 阮 ( 是 ) 攏 真 同情 ( 伊 ) 。 」 As for Wang , we all sympathize with him . b . ( *) Lao Wang __UNDEF__ ( +) meiyou ren bu peifu ( ta ) .
( * 是 ) 老王 ( 是 ) 沒有 人 不 佩服 ( 他 ) 。 「 ( * 是 ) 王 兮 ( 是 ) 無 人 無 佩服 ( 伊 ) 的 。 」 As for Wang , there is no one who does not admire him .
The subject of a passive or disposal construction ( 40a-c ) and the major subject __UNDEF__ of a double subject ( 40 e ) can be included in the shi-predicate . This fact suggests that they are a subject and can be part __UNDEF__ of the shi-predication thought , they may also be a topic in other contexts . Since no topic should appear within a shi-predicate , we claim that shi-predication provides evidence for the distinction between a topic and a subject in Chinese . A top ic cannot be shi-predicated __UNDEF__ , as in (39) , but a subject can __UNDEF__ , as in ( 40) .
(40) a . Shi ta bei sha si de .
是 他 被 殺死 的 。 「 是 伊 互 人 死 的 。 」 It is he who was killed . b .
Shi wo bei ta qing lai de __UNDEF__ .
是 我 被 他 請來 的 。 「 是 我 互伊 請來 的 。 」 It is I that was invited by him to come . c . Shi ta ba suoyou de qian dou hua guang de .
是 他 把 所有 的 錢 都 花光 的 。 「 是 伊 k4 所有 的 錢 攏開 了 的 。 」 It is he that spent all the money . d .
Shi ta ( ba ) qian dou fangzai yinghangli __UNDEF__ .
是 他 ( 把 ) 錢 都 放 在 銀行 裡 。 「 是 伊 ( k4 ) 錢 攏 khcg tr __UNDEF__ 銀行 的 。 」 It is he that put all the money in the Bank . e .
Shi ta yachi yizhi dou zai tong __UNDEF__ .
是 他 牙齒 一直 都 在 痛 。 201 「 是 伊 的 嘴 齒 一直 攏 teh __UNDEF__ 痛 。 」 It is he whose teeth ache all __UNDEF__ the time . On recognizing both subject and topic in Chinese syntax , linguists have tried to solve the problem of how subject should be distinguished from the topic . To my knowledge , no one has suggested shi-predication as a criterion for distinguishing between them . Since topic is always unfocused and given , and since only a focused preverbal nominal can be included in a shi-predicate , the exclusion of topic from shi-predication is a very natural rule . There are occasi ons in which the subject cannot be included in the shi-predicate because some other element is in focus . Compare ( 41 a ) and ( 41 b ) , where shi can be placed before __UNDEF__ the subject wo ‘ I ’ in ( 41 a ) but cannot be so placed in ( 41 b ) . In ( 41b ) , shi cannot be placed before the subject wo because it already has another focus device . As will be explained shortly , topicalization __UNDEF__ of a modifier of a noun head ( see ( 41 a ) ) without topicalizing the latter ( i.e . the noun head ) means that the noun head , sanben ‘ three volumes ‘, left in the predicate is in focus . If wo ‘ I ‘, the subject , were included in a shi-predicate , it would mean focus on __UNDEF__ the subject instead of __UNDEF__ the noun head sanben ‘ three volumes ’-- a violation of the principle __UNDEF__ of unified focalization .
( 41) a . ( +) Wo ( +) zhi kanguo sanben tushuguanli de shu . ( 是 ) 我 ( 是 ) 只 看過 三 本 圖書館 裡 的 書 。 「 ( 是 ) 我 ( 是 ) 干單 看過 三 本 圖書館 內 底 的 冊 。 」 I ’ ve only read three __UNDEF__ of the books in the library . b . ( *) Tushuguanli de shu __UNDEF__ ( *) wo ( +) zhi kanguo sanben ( +) zhi you sanben __UNDEF__ ( *) wo __UNDEF__ ( *) kanguo __UNDEF__ .
( * 是 ) 圖書館 裡 的 書 ( * 是 ) 我 ( 是 ) 只有 看過 三 本 。 ( 是 ) 只 有 三 本 ( * 是 ) 我 ( * 是 ) 看 過 。 「 ( * 是 ) 圖書館 內 底 的 冊 ( * 是 ) 我 ( 是 ) 干 單 看 過 三 本 。 」 「 ( * 是 ) 干單 三 本 ( * 是 ) 我 ( * 是 ) 看過 。 」 Of the books in the library , I ’ ve read only three of them . Such a split of a constituent results in some extra constraints in __UNDEF__ the post-shi elements , namely the exclusion of elements such as the subject or external adverbs in the shi-predicate .4.5 . Split Constituent and Shi-Predication 202 In 4.4.2, we noted that topicalization __UNDEF__ of a part of the constituent differs from that __UNDEF__ of a whole constituent in constraints on shi-predication . Split constituents may be the result of either topicalization or ba/b ei constructions __UNDEF__ ( see Cheng , 1967 ) .
Here we will discuss only the type that involves topicalization because it is a focus device that __UNDEF__ often results in unique identification of focus . A constituent , such as the NP nide huapin ‘ your vase ’ in ( 42a ) below , may get split up by topicalization , as in ( 42b ) , where huapin ‘ vase ’ is part of the topic and nide ‘ yours ’ is part __UNDEF__ of the predicate . If a part of an NP is repeated , as huapin ‘ vase ’, in the predicate and the topic in ( 42b ) , the whole NP ap pears in the predicate .
But it is still a case __UNDEF__ of split constituent because its part , not its whole , is in the topic .
In ( 42 c ) below , there is also a split noun phrase , nide dongxi dangzhong de huapin ‘ the vase among your belongings ’. ( 42 ) a . Ta shi guyi dapo ni de huapin .
他 是 故意 打破 你 的 花瓶 。 「 伊 是 刁工 破 你 的 花矸 的 。 」 It is on purpose that he broke your vase . b . Ta guyi dapo de huapin shi nide __UNDEF__ ( huapin __UNDEF__ ) .
他 故意 打破 的 花瓶 是 你 的 ( 花瓶 ) 。 「 伊刁工 破 的 花矸 是 你 的 ( 花矸 ) 。 」 The vase that he broke on purpose was yours . c . Nide dongxi __UNDEF__ ( dangzhong ) ta guyi dapo huapin __UNDEF__ .
你 的 東西 ( 當中 ) 他 故意 打破 花瓶 。 「 你 的 物件 ( 內底 ) 伊刁工 破 花矸 。 」 Among your belongings , he broke the vase on purpose .
Wherever there is a split constituent , the element that remains in the predicate __UNDEF__ ( excluding __UNDEF__ the element that is repeated in the topic if there is repetition of the unfocused element ) should be __UNDEF__ the focus . This principle is reflected in additional constraints on shi-predication .
( 43 ) a . ( +) Ta ( +) guyi dapo le nide huapin . ( 是 ) 他 ( 是 ) 故意 打破 了 你 的 花瓶 。 「 ( 是 ) 伊 ( 是 ) 刁工 破 你 的 花矸 的 。 」 He broke your vase on purpose . b . ( *) Huapin __UNDEF__ ( *) ta __UNDEF__ ( +) guyi dapo nide __UNDEF__ ( huapin ) .203 ( * 是 ) 花瓶 ( * 是 )
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